This rise in activity is truly a global event, with increases in numbers of infestations reported for the Americas ( 153, 238, 246), Australia ( 99, 102, 104), Europe ( 37, 44, 170, 196, 232, 254), Asia ( 145, 149, 177, 282, 284), and Africa ( 227).Īlthough bed bugs have a long association with humans, for a period from the 1950s to almost the start of the 21st century, this pest had become relatively uncommon, particularly in the more economically advantaged nations. In recent years, bed bugs have undergone a major resurgence in the number of infestations, leading to clinical and control problems. For accommodation providers, risk management procedures should be implemented to reduce the potential of bed bug infestations. The control of bed bugs is challenging and should encompass a multidisciplinary approach utilizing nonchemical means of control and the judicious use of insecticides. The misuse of chemicals and other technologies for controlling bed bugs has the potential to have a deleterious impact on human health, while the insect itself can be the cause of significant psychological trauma. Anemia may result when bed bugs are numerous, and their allergens can trigger asthmatic reactions. Over 40 pathogens have been detected in bed bugs, but there is no definitive evidence that they transmit any disease-causing organisms to humans. Often, bites occur in lines along the limbs. If bed bugs are numerous, the patient can present with widespread urticaria or eythematous rashes. Occasionally, bullous eruptions may result. Cutaneous reactions may occur and can start out as small macular lesions that can develop into distinctive wheals of around 5 cm in diameter, which are accompanied by intense itching. These bed bugs are blood-sucking insects that readily bite humans. Summary: Since the late 1990s, bed bugs of the species Cimex lectularius and Cimex hemipterus have undergone a worldwide resurgence.
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